reproduced from The Messianic Sabbath Helper
How the Messianic community is to properly keep Shabbat, or any Biblical commandment for that matter, is a mystery for many.[1] There are many issues and questions which have to be weighed and taken into consideration when establishing a proper halachic orthopraxy for oneself, one’s congregation, and the movement as a whole. In the Jewish community, whether you are Orthodox or Conservative, keeping the seventh-day Sabbath is an important sign of who you are as a Jew. It is a major sign God gave the people of Israel from Mount Sinai to distinguish them from the world. When one goes to Israel today, stores close, public transportation stops, and the Old City of Jerusalem comes to a virtual standstill for a full twenty-four hours. When some people in today’s Messianic movement see how our Jewish brothers and sisters keep the Sabbath, it can seem almost foreboding and something which needs to be minimized. When many of our evangelical Protestant brothers and sisters see how Orthodox Jews keep the Sabbath, they often run away, believing it to be a time of forced “unwork,” legalism, and anything but rest.
But as you can imagine, this is not what God originally intended. The Lord gave His people the gift of Shabbat so that they might rest and abstain from their labors, focus exclusively on Him, and be rejuvenated for the week of work ahead. Yeshua the Messiah said, “The sabbath was made for humankind, and not humankind for the Sabbath” (Mark 2:27, NRSV). God gave Shabbat to human beings so that it would be a special time for them, not a time which is burdensome or intended to place men and women into bondage. The Lord told His ancient people, “Sanctify My sabbaths; and they shall be a sign between Me and you, that you may know that I am the LORD your God” (Ezekiel 20:20, NASU). Anything surrounding Shabbat is to be focused on this end: the Sabbath is to be a time so that we might “know” the Lord. Yada is a common verb in Biblical Hebrew not only used to describe knowledge, but most importantly is “used for the most intimate acquaintance” (TWOT).[2] On Shabbat, people of faith are to be intimate with their Heavenly Father, and with other Believers in the community of faith.
While those of us who have salvation in Yeshua, and have the gift of the Holy Spirit present inside us, should leap inside when we realize that the Sabbath is to be a time when we can specially commune with our Father—how we keep Shabbat is another story. It begs many difficult questions. When many, for example, become convicted that Sunday Church is not what God originally intended, and that His people should be keeping Shabbat, various changes begin to take place. The transition to Shabbat is difficult for many, especially given the many Christian misconceptions about what the seventh-day Sabbath is, and why originally God established it. While on paper many Messianic Believers say they keep the Biblical Sabbath—keeping Shabbat is not just transferring a Sunday Church experience to Saturday. While the Sabbath has elements of worshipping God involved with it, Shabbat is not about “worshipping on Saturday.” It is, rather, one of the appointed times or moedim of Leviticus 23. It is to be “a sacred occasion” (NJPS) or “a sacred assembly” (NIV). But being these things involves much more than just worship:
“For six days work may be done, but on the seventh day there is a sabbath of complete rest, a holy convocation. You shall not do any work; it is a sabbath to the Lord in all your dwellings” (Leviticus 23:3, NASU).
The question of why God’s people should be keeping the Sabbath is fairly easy to answer. Our Heavenly Father wants human beings to abstain from their labors. Exodus 20:11 attests, “For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day; therefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day and made it holy” (NASU). The verb nuach, appearing here in the Qal stem (simple action, active voice), means to “rest, settle down and remain” (BDB).[3] Every week, we need to just stop what we are doing, and “settle down” for a while. We need to abstain from our labors and stop working. However, there is a great amount of discussion concerning what it actually means to stop working. Keeping the Sabbath is a wonderful thing—but how are we to keep it properly? How do we not forget the essence and joy of Shabbat, but at the same time not eliminating its primary aims?
What do we have to consider?
As an emerging Messianic community today, there is a substantial amount to consider when we contemplate how we are to properly keep the Sabbath. We have to make some serious ideological and philosophical value judgments, and also weigh our testimony to both our Christian and Jewish brethren, and sometimes our Messianic Jewish brethren, if we are non-Jewish. We have to answer some serious questions relating to our individual and corporate vocations, and what we believe that God is trying to achieve through our obedience to Him. We have to ask ourselves if we want to alienate ourselves from others, or let others be drawn toward us because we are truly being blessed by obeying the Lord. We also have to allow for some flexibility among those who keep Shabbat, because not everyone is going to keep it exactly the same way we are.
I believe there are three critical questions we each have to consider as we contemplate how we are to properly keep Shabbat. Obviously as you will see below, these questions do not exclusively relate to the Sabbath, but for our specific purposes, we will assume that they are:
- How am I to keep Shabbat as an individual?
- How is my congregation or fellowship to keep Shabbat?
- How are we to keep Shabbat as the Messianic community, and are we trying to emulate Jewish practice in any respect?
How you answer these questions will affect how you interpret the Biblical commandments regarding the seventh-day Sabbath. There are many people in the Messianic community today who say they keep Shabbat, but then we have those in our midst who may accuse such people of not keeping the Sabbath, because they do not keep the Sabbath as “they do.” Consider the fact that while the Written Torah absolutely prohibits work from being done on Shabbat, what one person considers work, another person might not consider work. While the commandments themselves are not what are in dispute among Messianic Believers who believe Shabbat is to be observed, their application is. This begs the questions of not only how we are to develop an individual halachah of how the Sabbath is to be kept, but to what degree, if any, the Messianic community considers Jewish tradition and commentary regarding Shabbat.
One of the things I think many non-Jewish Believers in the Messianic movement do not realize, is that salvation has gone out into the nations, so that non-Jewish Believers might provoke their Jewish brethren to faith in Yeshua. Paul wrote this in Romans 11:11, “Again I ask: Did they stumble so as to fall beyond recovery? Not at all! Rather, because of their transgression, salvation has come to the Gentiles to make Israel envious” (NIV). Whatever non-Jewish Believers do regarding their Torah observance, should make the Jewish people jealous. This should be because when they possibly witness non-Jewish Believers keeping “their Torah,” and doing the things that “they are supposed to do,” they should naturally ask questions regarding non-Jewish Believers’ faith practice and beliefs. I can tell you from personal experience that those who are the most jealous, as it were, of families like mine, are non-religious or nominally-religious Jews. When they see a non-Jewish Believer, a “Christian” in their minds, keeping the things of the Torah, they can get perturbed. This occurs, because they know instinctively that institutions like Shabbat are a part of their ethnic and cultural heritage, and that they should be doing these things, yet have widely decided instead not to do them. Perhaps according to Paul, this can be used to make our Jewish brothers and sisters jealous for faith in the Messiah!
But what can happen, and what often does happen, is that in much of the sphere of Messianic things—although more likely the independent Hebrew/Hebraic Roots movement—many non-Jewish people think that they “know better” than Judaism in regard to the Torah. As a consequence, we have seen many interpretations and applications of Torah commandments which are foreign to the mainline Conservative and Orthodox Judaism of today, and certainly to First Century Judaism. This can occur for any number of reasons, but notably because such non-Jewish people want to be “Scripture Only” in the strictest sense of the term, and believe that the Jewish people have rejected Yeshua because of their own customs and traditions. In extreme cases, some non-Jewish people in the Hebrew/Hebraic Roots movement and various Torah movements, are actually anti-Semitic.[4]
I believe these sentiments are misguided. The Protestant Reformers themselves, while believing in the primacy of written Scripture, never envisioned an interpretation of Scripture which did not take into consideration history and tradition, and for that same matter, reason and one’s personal faith experience (or even one’s own native culture). Secondly, the field of Jewish New Testament studies, which involve the examination of First Century history and literature, is revealing more and more that Yeshua the Messiah followed more of the traditions of Second Temple Judaism than He is commonly given credit for in a great deal of evangelical Christian exegesis. In fact, not only is scholastic opinion leaning more and more toward Yeshua keeping many of the oral traditions of the Rabbis, but it is being shaped by the fact that Yeshua’s (and for that same matter, Paul’s) theology is quite Pharisaical at its core. The foundation of Pharisaical theology is a belief in the bodily resurrection, an afterlife, angels, demons, miracles, and a compatibilist position of predestination and free will.[5]
In the case of Shabbat, many decide to keep the Sabbath without considering any Jewish traditions or opinions concerning it. This is disconcerting because non-Jewish Believers will be unable to fulfill the vocation of provoking Jews to jealousy for faith in Yeshua, if they follow the Torah without any Jewish elements present. While the statement of, “You don’t want to come out of the Church and trade one set of traditions of men for another set of traditions of men,” has become commonplace the Hebrew/Hebraic Roots movement—the simple fact of the matter is that traditions help bind a community together. Tradition has been what has kept the Jewish people bonded for almost two thousand years since the destruction of the Second Temple. Tradition is what allows a group to formulate an established, working opinion of how things are to be done. While “tradition” can be a buzz word, in certain sectors, any objective reading of the Apostolic Scriptures, coupled with history, is revealing more and more that Yeshua and His early followers kept many of the Jewish traditions of their time. The Apostle Paul commended the Corinthians with the following word: “Now I praise you because you remember me in everything and hold firmly to the traditions, just as I delivered them to you” (1 Corinthians 11:2, NASU).[6] Should we not at least consult Jewish tradition when developing a viable halachah for ourselves?
I do not believe that the Messianic movement must follow all of the Jewish traditions which exist relating to Shabbat. In fact, there are many variances among the customs and traditions which exist, having developed in different types of Jewish communities, i.e., the Ashkenazic or Sephardic communities, for hundreds of years. Some in the Messianic community want to act just like “Orthodox Jews.” Is this something we want? Many in the Orthodox Jewish community live and act like they live in Seventeenth Century Eastern Europe, and often enclose themselves to not interact with society at large. Consequently, how the Sabbath is kept also needs to be tempered by the fact that we live in a modern world. The development and progress of technology have changed our ability to communicate, travel, and do things which in the ancient world, especially the period of when the Torah was originally given, were extremely difficult. When considering how the Sabbath is to be properly observed, we also have to weigh how much differently we live from the ancients. When consulting tradition, how much weight do we give to those Jewish sects which shut themselves off from the world, versus other Jewish sects which strive to be obedient to God in a modern world?
As we list the specific Shabbat prohibitions that Scripture gives below, these are all factors which must be considered as we endeavor to have a viable Messianic halachic orthopraxy—not only for our individual selves, but also for our congregations, and for our community at large. This is not intended to be a detailed exposition by any means, but attempts to offer practical solutions as to how we might keep the Sabbath as Messianic Believers in a modern world.
The Shabbat Prohibitions
Here are a collection of specific admonitions in Scripture as they relate to properly keeping Shabbat. These are the prohibitions we will be examining, hopefully so that we can have a good idea about how God’s people are to conduct themselves on Shabbat, and how it is probably not as complicated as we often think it is.
- The seventh day is the Sabbath, requiring a suspension of all labor.
- The Sabbath is to be a holy convocation.
- Work is to be done in the first six days of the week.
- The Sabbath is to be a day of complete rest.
- Fire shall not be kindled on the Sabbath.
- On the Sabbath, God’s people are to remember that the Ancient Israelites were once slaves in Egypt.
- God’s people are not to be concerned about their own carnal pleasures.
- Conducting in business is prohibited on the Sabbath.
1. The seventh day is the Sabbath, requiring a suspension of all labor.
The Torah commands in Exodus 20:10, “the seventh day is a sabbath of the LORD your God; in it you shall not do any work, you or your son or your daughter, your male or your female servant or your cattle or your sojourner who stays with you” (NASU). The reason why God wanted His people to abstain from their work is stated: “For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day; therefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day and made it holy” (Exodus 20:11, NASU). The purpose of Shabbat is so that we can remember God’s supremacy as Creator, how He created the universe for His Divine purposes, and how when He had completed His work creating the universe, God rested. While some might argue, “How can a Supreme Being who controls the universe actually ‘rest’?”, the truth of the matter remains that God’s ways are not our ways. The Lord moved upon human beings to write in corporeal terms infinitely more profound truths, which we will not fully understand until we enter into His Kingdom and into eternity. But until that time, just as God ceased from the labor required to build the universe on the seventh day, so must human beings stop from their labors.
In the Hebrew Scriptures, the two words which are often used to describe “labor” are avodah, meaning “labor, service” (BDB), and its verb form, avad, generally meaning to “work, serve” (BDB).[7] These words are used in tandem in Exodus 1:13-14 to describe the harsh work which Pharaoh had the Ancient Israelites perform while in Egypt:
“The Egyptians compelled the sons of Israel to labor [avad] rigorously; and they made their lives bitter with hard labor [avodah] in mortar and bricks and at all kinds of labor [avodah] in the field, all their labors which they rigorously imposed on them” (Exodus 1:13-14, NASU).
While this kind of work could certainly be in mind in the Sabbath prohibition given in the Decalogue, what is more specifically in mind is the type of work which brings financial gain. The prohibition given by God to Ancient Israel is that they were not to perform any melakah. In the Hebrew Scriptures this has a wide variance of possible applications, including, “trade mission, business journey,” “business, work,” and “handiwork, craftsmanship” (HALOT).[8]
The challenge with properly interpreting the Fourth Commandment text given here is noted by Nahum M. Sarna: “The definition of prohibited labor (m’lakhah), which limits the commandment explicitly to creation (Gen 2:2), is not given here.”[9] While the Fourth Commandment states that work is not to be done by anyone in the community, the types of specific work which are forbidden are not explained. This leaves the interpreter with one of two options when applying this text today: (1) examine further Scripture passages describing prohibitions of work on the Sabbath which build upon the Fourth Commandment, or (2) apply modern definitions of “work” to this passage.
The challenge, of course, with applying modern definitions of “work,” i.e., “going to work,” is that the largely agrarian society of the Ancient Israelites did not have the same concept of “work” as we often know it in the Western world today. The Ancient Israelites did not “go to jobs” and clock-in as employed workers from nine-to-five. They lived on their farms or functioned in a particular trade, and had a much less-definite view of “work.” The First Century Jews for that same matter, even merchants in the Diaspora, did not consider “work” as we often do. In applying this commandment in a Twenty-First Century model, we should consult how various religious communities have applied it for their particular settings, and as Believers ask the Holy Spirit to show us how we can properly apply it today while maintaining the integrity of the prohibition not to “work.”
2. The Sabbath is to be a holy convocation.
While the Torah identifies how the Sabbath is to be a time when God’s people abstain from work, it is also listed in the series of appointed times or moedim the Lord establishes for His people. Leviticus 23:3 attests, “For six days work may be done, but on the seventh day there is a sabbath of complete rest, a holy convocation. You shall not do any work; it is a sabbath to the LORD in all your dwellings” (NASU). There are some Jewish scholars who do not believe that Shabbat should be considered one of the “appointed times,” per se, arguing instead that if one simply keeps the Sabbath, then he or she will be naturally inclined to keep the high holidays of the Lord. This logic is valid, but regardless of one’s view, Leviticus 23 says that Shabbat is to be “a day of sacred assembly” (NIV). What is this miqra qodesh?
The Hebrew word miqra generally means a “summons” or an “assembly” (HALOT).[10] It is derived from the verb qara, meaning “call, proclaim, read” (BDB).[11] It is from these various roots that the Jewish custom of assembling in a synagogue on Shabbat is derived. Nehemiah 8:8 indicates that this practice was developing after the Southern Kingdom exiles returned from Babylon: “They read [qara] from the book, from the law of God, translating to give the sense so that they understood the reading” (NASU). This verse attests that the Torah was read aloud publicly to crowds in Hebrew, and also translated verbally into Aramaic for those who had returned, but had forgotten Hebrew. Centuries later as synagogues were planted in Greek-speaking lands, the Septuagint translation was largely used in the public reading and discussion. We see here the beginnings of how services were to be conducted in the Jewish Synagogue, with the focus on the reading of the Torah and the Prophets.
Some you may encounter in the independent Hebrew/Hebraic Roots movement, may believe that assembling for worship services on Shabbat is not what the Leviticus 23 commandment directs, and that Shabbat is only about “rest.” But if this were entirely the case, then we would see it borne out in the actions of Yeshua and the Apostles. Yeshua the Messiah’s custom was to go to the synagogue on Shabbat. The narrative of Luke 4:17-20 shows how He was handed a scroll of Isaiah and read it aloud publicly. A cursory reading of the Book of Acts will reveal multiple times that the Apostles, notably Paul, would always go to the local Jewish synagogue in a city and reason with the Jews—on Shabbat—from the Torah and the Prophets regarding who Yeshua was as the Savior of Israel. Surprisingly to many people, the post-Reformation Christian custom of going to Church on Sunday, submitting to some kind of “Sunday school” teaching, and then engaging in corporate worship and instruction, is loosely based on the practices of the First Century Jewish Synagogue.
What should we do today to fulfill the commandment to have a holy convocation in regard to Sabbath observance? It is fairly safe to say that in a community where you can assemble and fellowship at a Messianic congregation—that you should. The important thing which, perhaps, only a few non-Jewish Believers in the Messianic movement realize, is how God’s Torah is to be kept and lived out in a community. The Torah should not be kept as though you are a hermit in a cave somewhere or out on a deserted island. The Torah is to be kept where you can be accountable to other people, and solicit their opinions—especially the opinion of a qualified rabbi or teacher. The Jewish community today is centered around the local synagogue, and Jewish rabbis have the profound responsibility in instructing members of the Jewish community in how they are to function as Torah observant members of society, as good Jewish people. Interestingly enough, the Protestant Reformers used the template of the Jewish rabbi to train pastor-teachers. While “rabbi” (Heb. rav) is merely a Hebrew term meaning “teacher,” a rabbi also functions as a spiritual mentor to his or her fellow Jews. A pastor-teacher likewise must be a teacher, but be responsible for the spiritual well-being of his or her congregation members.
The challenge, for some in the Messianic community, is that in some locations Messianic congregations are few-and-far-between. As a maturing religious movement, some people have to drive long distances to attend a Messianic congregation, that is if any one can be found. With many no longer feeling comfortable at a local “church,” they are left to keep Shabbat in their homes with family members and close friends. Is this in violation of the commandment to make Shabbat a “holy convocation”? Must it always be done in some kind of assembly building? No. In fact, as many of you may not be aware, many Jewish synagogues in the First Century Diaspora often met in homes. There were only synagogue buildings in cities where there were large Jewish communities. In Corinth, for example, the Believers were actually ejected from the synagogue, and instead assembled in the home of Titius Justus, who lived right next to the synagogue (Acts 18:7). In Philippi, which was administered as a Roman military colony with a high Roman patriotism, the Jews were not permitted to establish a religious assemblage, and instead had to go outside the city to pray by the riverside (Acts 16:3). Keeping Shabbat in one’s home is consistent with many examples we see in the First Century community of faith. Oftentimes new Messianic fellowships have had to begin in someone’s home. But this by no means discounts the value of a larger, established Messianic congregation which meets in its own “building.” The command is ultimately that the Sabbath is to be a special time of assemblage for instruction, teaching, spiritual exhortation, and worship.
3. Work is to be done in the first six days of the week.
The purpose of the days leading up to Shabbat is detailed in Exodus 20:9: “Six days you shall labor and do all your work” (NASU). In this text, we see the two terms avad and melakah employed together: “Six days shall you work [avad] and accomplish all your work [melakah]” (ATS). Context indicates how avad and melakah are associated together and are somewhat synonymous. The Septuagint translation makes no distinction rendering ta’avod as the verb erga, and melakah is rendered by the noun erga. What is perhaps most interesting is that the Hebrew verb ta’avod appears in the Qal imperfect tense, meaning that an absolute literal translation could appear as “You work,” but that the LXX translators thought of it as erga, appearing in the (more specific) future middle indicative tense. Erga could be translated into English as “you will work,” and that a person is involved in the work as though it is unavoidable. This is because work is a part of the human condition which each person must experience.
Whether we personally like work or not, surprisingly there is to be a Divine calling or vocation when it comes to a person’s work. This is realized when we examine many of the varied Jewish and Christian traditions regarding the workweek. J.H. Hertz writes, “Work during the six days of the week is as essential to man’s welfare as is the rest on the seventh. No man or woman, howsoever rich, is freed from the obligation of doing some work, say the Rabbis, as idleness invariably leads to evil thoughts and evil deeds.”[12] The Protestant work ethic, which largely came from the teachings of John Calvin and others, was birthed out of the belief that if one is a member of God’s elect, then he or she will demonstrate it through faithful labors during the six days designated for work. This even led to some of the Reformers preaching that if an individual did not work during the designated time, that person would actually be sinning! Of course, the Protestant Reformers were limited by their inability to see the validity of Shabbat, as opposed to the Christian Sunday,[13] but to many of them a “Sunday sabbath” was rigidly enforced, and no work of any kind was permitted.
In the Jewish and Christian traditions, work is really not something which is looked down upon. It is simply something people are supposed to do. Of course in our modern context in the West, we generally have a five-day work week, with both Saturday and Sunday as days off. In our society this has allowed for Jewish people to rest on the Sabbath, and for Christians to go to church on Sunday. Generally, this allows for Messianic Believers to abstain from working on Shabbat. However, it is very easy to say that many contemporary people have lost sight of what it means to truly “work,” and what it likewise means to truly “rest.” Many Christian pastors today have observed that we live in a “weekend culture,” where one works and works, but does not take seriously a day of rest which God has prescribed. Is this occurring because the Lord is in the process of restoring the significance of the institution of the seventh-day Sabbath to His people, and that by keeping Shabbat on the correct day of the week, they will be able to truly experience all of the rest He has for them?
Interestingly enough, while it is easy for some in the Messianic community to accuse Christians who do not even take a “Sunday sabbath” that seriously, of holding to “Greek” or “Hellenistic” ideas of “work,” the modern-day concept of work really does not have that much in common with the Hellenistic idea of work. The modern concept of work is largely focused around financial theories, the stock and trade markets, and any plan for companies and individuals to make the most money during all days of the week, regardless of whether or not the stock market is closed on Saturday and Sunday. Jews and many Christians over the centuries, have historically viewed work as being something which was a vocational calling given to them by God. The Greeks, in stark contrast, viewed work as nothing less than a curse people were to avoid at all costs. R. Paul Stevens explains the Greek view of work in his book The Other Six Days:
“While there was no uniformity in the ancient Greek world in its view of work, the classical period generally held work in disdain, especially the philosophers. Work was a curse, unmitigated evil; and to be out of work was a piece of singularly good fortune. Unemployment allowed for one to participate in the political domain and to enjoy the contemplative life. The whole of society was organized so that a few could actualize the highest human potential. Not surprisingly, 80 per cent of the Greek city-states were comprised of slaves, which Aristotle defined as instruments endowed with life. Work was called ‘unleisure’.”[14]
When the Hebrew Scriptures were translated into Greek several centuries before Yeshua, the Jewish translators rendered Exodus 20:9 as “you will work” in the (specific) future tense. While we may never know, it is interesting to speculate how this could have been, because they knew that many of those who would be reading it did not have a high view of work. When many Greeks would recognize the God of Israel as the One True God, and entered into the community of Israel and Synagogue, perhaps many of them would then be forced to finally “work.”
It is absolutely true that we see Greeks and Romans of the First Century criticizing the Jewish people for taking a complete day off of work on the Sabbath. Such Jews were often criticized as being “lazy.” But what was the context of this? Jewish people in ancient times, and largely today, are often looked upon as being very industrious, productive, and successful. A Greek or Roman slave, or common worker, could see such people and easily criticize them as being “lazy” or “slothful” for taking off a day of rest. Do we not see the same thing even happening to us who are industrious during the workweek, and then take Shabbat off?
One of the challenges for many in the Messianic community today is that many people, because of our modern world, must still go to work on Shabbat. This would have been largely unknown to the Ancient Israelites, or even the Jews of the First Century. Clearly this would be prohibited by the Torah, but tough ethical questions can be posed nonetheless. What if a husband or wife still has to go to work to support the family? What if someone is a business owner in an industry which requires some work or maintenance to be done on Shabbat? What happens if someone does not work on the Sabbath, but is called in to work (perhaps for an emergency)?
Thankfully, we live in a time when Messiah Yeshua has come and has been decisively sacrificed for our sins and transgressions. His atoning work at Golgotha (Calvary) covers any violation of God’s commandments, be it intentional or unintentional. He was the one who asked a group of Pharisees, “have you not read in the Law, that on the Sabbath the priests in the temple break the Sabbath and are innocent?” (Matthew 12:5, NASU). The priests or cohanim were doing the hard, sweaty, dirty, back-breaking work of sacrificing animals, putting them on the altar to burn, and cleaning up their charred remains—among some of their major responsibilities. Certainly, if the priests in the Temple were not considered violating the Sabbath for doing this work, then in our modern world, when “life happens” and one is required to work, God’s grace is there to cover us. If you are in a difficult position which requires you to work on the Sabbath, please pray that God enables you to find favor with your employer, who will let you work on Sunday instead, or schedule you differently. There are always exceptions to the rule, as is continually shown in Scripture. But the existence of exceptions likewise does not mean that one should desire to work on Shabbat. We each go to our Father daily to ask for His provision, and should ask Him that we not have to receive such provision by violating His Sabbath day.
4. The Sabbath is to be a day of complete rest.
Repeated in the midst of the Exodus-wilderness narrative, the commandment to rest on the Sabbath day is given: “You shall work six days, but on the seventh day you shall rest; even during plowing time and harvest you shall rest” (Exodus 34:21, NASU). Whereas in Deuteronomy 5:14, the Hebrew verb nuach is used for “rest,” Exodus 34:21 reads with, u’b’yom hashevi’i tishvot, “on the seventh day you shall rest.” The verb for rest in this text is shavat, appearing in the Qal stem (simple action, active voice), meaning “to rest, celebrate, with direct or indirect connection with the Sabbath” (HALOT).[15] The command could be understood as meaning that on the seventh day God’s people are to observe Shabbat.
What a day of complete rest is, of course, is subject to a substantial amount of interpretation. When God originally gave the command to rest, He conditioned it with the requirement, “you shall cease from labor even at plowing time and harvest time” (Exodus 34:21, NJPS). Anticipating that Israel would be a largely agrarian society, the Ancient Israelites were told that on the Sabbath day they were not to be out harvesting and plowing their fields, or performing any other agricultural activities. The principle, of course, was that ordinary work was not to be performed on Shabbat. In our modern age, while many of us may not have fields to harvest or crops to plant, we often do have homebound responsibilities we like to work on during the weekend. Mowing the grass, doing yardwork, planting things in a personal garden, cleaning one’s house, washing the car, and things which can clearly be done on other days are prohibited. But there are always exceptions. Certainly if there is a storm (as our family experienced when we lived with hurricanes in Central Florida, 2000-2012) and there are fallen tree limbs in one’s yard causing serious problems, one should remove them. Weather and climate can affect things requiring immediate attention. But unnecessary yardwork or housework, which can be done on another day, is something else.
But what would constitute “rest” from one’s labors? Is God simply expecting His people to spend Shabbat lying on their sofas taking a nap? Not surprisingly, this is exactly what many people do. In fact, some people spend most of Shabbat sleeping.
One of the things which we have to keep in mind, as previously discussed, is that the Sabbath is to be a holy convocation. We should not simply enter into the Shabbat rest by “falling asleep.” We are admonished in Scripture to convene a holy assembly, worshipping God and studying His Word. It is to be a special time of intimacy between ourselves as Believers, and the Lord. In that special time we are to be consecrated, and not be doing things which we would normally do during the rest of the workweek.
Perhaps one issue which needs to be considered is that many Messianic congregations hold their services on Erev Shabbat or Friday evening. Those who attend these nightly services often will stay at home Saturday. If you are one of these people, what should you be doing at home? Should you be doing yardwork or housework? Or would it be better for you to simply stay in bed? Is it a sin for you to watch television or sports games on Shabbat? Is it a sin for you not to read the Bible on Shabbat? Sadly, these kinds of questions are often not examined from a mature perspective by some. The Sabbath is to be a time of rest, but “rest” can be interpreted and applied differently among Believers. But one thing is absolutely certain: what goes on in a person’s home is that man or woman’s personal business. If you criticize a person for doing things on Shabbat which you would personally not do, then that person should have every right to criticize you in like manner. If a Messianic person is doing something on Shabbat which you believe violates the principle of “rest,” then lead by your example and demonstrate the better way in a positive tone, and not in a superior attitude which is condemning. Remember how Yeshua said that the Sabbath was made for human beings; people were not made for the Sabbath.
5. Fire shall not be kindled on the Sabbath.
There is probably no commandment more contested today in regard to the Sabbath than Exodus 35:3: “You shall not kindle a fire in any of your dwellings on the sabbath day” (NASU). The decree, “Do not light a fire in any of your homes on the Sabbath day” (HCSB) has been a cause of an unbelievable amount of applications and opinions regarding what it actually means to “light a fire.” In ancient times, lighting a fire was serious work, as a person had to go and collect wood, perhaps even cutting down a tree, and get a flint and strike and strike and strike and hope that a spark would appear which could ignite a fire. There was a challenge to keep the fire lit. The ancients did not know what we know today about the chemical process of combustion, and certainly did not have matches or lighter fluid to aid them in starting a fire. They definitely did not know about the petroleum fuels which power most of our moving vehicles—to say nothing of elements like uranium or plutonium used in nuclear power.
The Jewish Rabbis used the premise that this commandment could only be properly interpreted via application of the Oral Law, if not it would be subject to a gross amount of improper interpretations. The Orthodox Jewish ArtScroll Chumash provides a useful of how the command has been interpreted in much of Jewish history:
“This prohibition is indicative of the Jewish principle that the Torah can be understood only as it is interpreted by the Oral Law, which God taught to Moses, and which he transmitted to the nation. The Oral Law makes clear that only the creation of a fire and such use of it as cooking and baking are forbidden, but there is no prohibition against enjoying its light and heat. Deviant sects that denied the teachings of the Sages misinterpreted this passage to refer to all use of fire, so they would sit in the dark throughout the Sabbath, just as they sat in spiritual darkness all their lives.”[16]
Orthodox Jewish halachah today demonstrates that not only is the lighting of an actual “fire” considered prohibited, but likewise turning on any kind of electric device, including a lightswitch or the ignition to a car, is considered violation of the commandment. This is why many Orthodox Jews have automatic timers on their lights, so that they do not have to perform any work. The practice of having a “Sabbath goy,” or a Gentile to do the work of lighting a fire on Shabbat, has been adhered to in many Jewish communities. Adam Clarke, writing in the early Nineteenth Century, observed to this end: “The Jews understand this precept as forbidding the kindling of fire only for the purpose of doing work or dressing victuals; but to give them light and heat, they judge it lawful to light a fire on the Sabbath day, though themselves rarely kindle it—they get Christians to do this work for them.”[17]
Conservative Judaism in the United States has a less rigorous interpretation of this commandment. While lighting a fire to be baking something is considered forbidden, flipping a light or electronic appliance on is not. Conservative Jews do not consider driving on Shabbat to be sinful, provided that one is driving to the synagogue. It is clear in the Book of Acts, for example, that the Apostles largely held to the tradition of only walking a Sabbath day’s journey: “Then they returned to Jerusalem from the mount called Olivet, which is near Jerusalem, a Sabbath day’s journey away” (Acts 1:12, NASU). However, they did not anticipate the modern age where now cars and other machines exist to transport people. The big issue is, regarding what “lighting a fire” truly is, is to what extent the evolution and development of technology should affect one’s interpretation and application.
The Rabbinical tradition widely concludes that cooking or baking food on the Sabbath day is prohibited. Obviously, this is why on the day before Shabbat, Jewish homes over the centuries would be a center of cooking and baking, so food for the Sabbath would be ready. But the Rabbis did not anticipate the day of microwaves and packaged foods which one could easily just put into an oven and have prepared for a person. Cooking and baking in the context before our modern age involved much, much more than just unzipping something from a package. It involved a great amount of pre-preparation time, i.e., giving bread the time to rise, peeling potatoes and onions, letting vegetables and meat soak, and other things which modern technology has either eliminated or streamlined. Furthermore, the Rabbis of ancient times did not anticipate the creation of what may be humankind’s ultimate culinary creation: the sandwich.
If there is anything which the Messianic community does not want, it is to interpret this passage in a very strict sense so as to be left cold and in the dark on Shabbat. The quotation above is particularly directed against the Karaites, a rebellious Jewish sect which rejects all of the Oral Torah, and adheres to a very narrow minded and fundamentalist interpretation of the Tanach text only. (Karaite theology is sadly prevalent in many areas of the independent Hebrew/Hebraic Roots movement today.) I do not think that most Messianic people want to sit in the dark eating cold bread on the Sabbath. Likewise, I do not think that most Messianic people want to be worried about what it means to “light a fire,” either. But is the modern Orthodox perspective also wanting? Is it really work to flip on a light, or even heat something up in a microwave or toaster oven? These are all personal value judgments which we have to make ourselves as individuals.
My personal opinion regarding this commandment is that in ancient times, it was major work to get a fire started. It was major work to keep a fire from going out. God did not want His people taking His Sabbath day going through all the motions of lighting a fire, when they should have been spending that same time with Him and with others in the community of faith. But today we do live in a modern age when the technological level has changed our ability to manipulate “fire.” The ancients did not have the ability to strike a match and ignite a gas fireplace with the ease we have today. The ancients did not have electricity or microwave ovens. The ancients, if they took any “vehicle” to their synagogues, had to ride donkeys (and possibly horses), as animals which would require rest; they could not just turn the ignition to their cars. Any proper Messianic interpretation of this commandment will take into consideration the progress of technology. I will say that I do not consider it a sin to drive on the Sabbath, or even microwave leftovers from the Shabbat meal the night before. But if I am engaging in strenuous work on the Sabbath, which involves fire, electricity, or a car, that is probably something else. We each have the responsibility to go to the Lord and see how this commandment is to be applied in our modern world, and in both our individual and family settings.
6. On the Sabbath, God’s people are to remember that the Ancient Israelites were once slaves in Egypt.
One of the most unique commandments concerning Shabbat appears in the repetition of the Ten Commandments in Deuteronomy 5:15: “You shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt, and the Lord your God brought you out of there by a mighty hand and by an outstretched arm; therefore the Lord your God commanded you to observe the sabbath day” (NASU). The admonition to remember the slavery in Egypt is connected to the wonderful rest which the Sabbath offers. The Ancient Israelites in bondage did not receive a Sabbath day of rest. The only degree of “rest” any of them experienced, would have been going to sleep every night with the anticipation of having to go out and forcibly work the next day for the Egyptians. Finally as Israel was constituted as a nation, people could sleep one evening out of the week, and know that a laborious day of servitude was not ahead.
Jeffrey H. Tigay does indicate that there is some variance of opinion as to what Deuteronomy 5:15 fully means, which is worth noting. He remarks,
“Commentators are divided over what this motive emphasizes. Some believe that it is the memory of the servitude, to create empathy for the servant’s need to rest. Others believe it is God’s redeeming them from Egypt, to remind the people of His kindness and of His authority to establish such a command.”[18]
For us as Messianic Believers, how do we apply the commandment to remember that the Ancient Israelites were slaves in Egypt? Not all of us are physical descendants of the Patriarchs, and our ancestors were not all in Egypt. Through faith in Messiah Yeshua, however, we are all a part of the Commonwealth of Israel, and whether we are Jewish or non-Jewish, we all partake of the same Biblical and spiritual heritage. This is why the Apostle Paul could write the Corinthians with confidence, “For I do not want you to be unaware, brethren, that our fathers were all under the cloud and all passed through the sea” (1 Corinthians 10:1, NASU). For Paul to write a mixed group of Jews and non-Jews and say that “our ancestors” (NRSV) went through the Red Sea crossing, is to assert that the same spiritual heritage a First Century Jewish Believer had, knowing that his ancestors were slaves in Egypt, is the same spiritual heritage any Believer in Yeshua has. Furthermore on an individual level, unless we have the blood atonement of Yeshua the Messiah covering our lives, we cannot be considered “free from Egypt,” as it were. Before each one of us came to faith in Yeshua, we were in spiritual bondage and slavery to sin. Yeshua has freed us from these things as our Passover Lamb and atoning sacrifice.
It is important as we keep Shabbat to remember that in Egypt the Ancient Israelites were not able to partake of this great blessing. In many of the Sabbath liturgies canted in the Jewish Synagogue, as well as in many Messianic congregations, the command to remember the bondage of Egypt and the mighty deliverance of God is repeated. If we hear such liturgies, it is important to praise the Lord for His miraculous acts those many centuries ago—and the much more recent deliverance from sin each one of us has experienced in Messiah, enabling us to truly rest, both physically and spiritually, on Shabbat.
7. God’s people are not to be concerned about their own carnal pleasures.
The Torah is not the only part of Scripture which issues admonitions concerning the Sabbath. The Prophet Isaiah decreed how God’s people were not supposed to be concerned about themselves on Shabbat. He proclaimed,
“If because of the sabbath, you turn your foot from doing your own pleasure on My holy day, and call the Sabbath a delight, the holy day of the LORD honorable, and honor it, desisting from your own ways, from seeking your own pleasure and speaking your own word, then you will take delight in the LORD, and I will make you ride on the heights of the earth; and I will feed you with the heritage of Jacob your father, for the mouth of the Lord has spoken” (Isaiah 58:13-14, NASU).
What this text means and how it should be applied is subject to a large amount of debate. The Hebrew word chefetz largely means, “delight, pleasure,” perhaps more specifically “that in which one takes delight, his business (late), or matter (very late, cf. Mish.=thing)” (BDB).[19] The English translations of this word reflect a variance of interpretations, including: “your own needs” (ATS), “your affairs” (NJPS), and “your own interests” (NRSV). When we see these things in the Biblical text, we can only wonder, What does God mean by my pleasures? Is this not open to a wide variance of subjective applications?
The most obvious application of the passage here pertains to a prohibition on anything which would contradict the Sabbath commandments of not working, not lighting a fire, or doing anything which would clearly violate the admonition to rest. If, for example, one is a gourmet cook and takes great pleasure in cooking, then one should not cook on Shabbat. This would cause a person to work, often light some kind of fire well beyond a “minimum” usage of microwaving something or heating something up, and would take a person away from the Sabbath rest God intended. The intent of Shabbat is for God’s people to focus on Him, His Word, and what He has done. Things which very clearly take a person away from the Lord, and cause someone to focus on themselves, seem to be implied by Isaiah’s words.
Questions which often have to be fielded, frequently come from those who are often stuck at home on Shabbat. As many Messianic congregations have Erev Shabbat services, many do not go anywhere on Saturday. What are these Messianic Believers to do? Are they required to either sleep all day, or only read the Scriptures and/or religious literature? Are they permitted to watch television and sports games, walk in their neighborhood, read books, talk to friends or loved ones on the phone, and generally take a day off? Are married couples permitted to have sexual intercourse? Some would say a definite “no” to these things. They would say that these sorts of things would clearly violate the commandment not to partake in personal pleasures. Others would say “yes” to these things, provided that they do not take one’s attention off the Lord, as God wants His people to enjoy themselves in Him. The truth of the matter is that what a man or woman does in his or her home is that person’s personal business. Our Heavenly Father is gracious to each one of us, and we each have to realize how we are individually responsible for what we do on the Sabbath. May God bless each one of us for our desire to obey Him to the best of our ability, and allow us to respect others’ privacy.
8. Conducting in business is prohibited on the Sabbath.
The last of the Biblical prohibitions regarding Shabbat is derived from Nehemiah 10:31: “As for the peoples of the land who bring wares or any grain on the sabbath day to sell, we will not buy from them on the sabbath or a holy day; and we will forego the crops the seventh year and the exaction of every debt” (NASU). This text records how the Southern Kingdom exiles returned from Babylon and adapted to the new environment of trying to rebuild the Temple and largely be retrained in the commandments of the Torah. Just as there were many who taunted Nehemiah, saying that the Temple or walls surrounding Jerusalem could not be rebuilt, so were there those who had occupied the Land of Israel during the Jews’ exile who did not follow the Torah. They were the ammei ha’aretz, “the peoples of the land.” These were not Israelites, but pagans who had occupied the Land of Israel during the exile.
These people did not know the command to rest from one’s labors on the Sabbath day, and as the foundation of what would advance into Second Temple Judaism was being laid, and as the city of Jerusalem was being reconstructed and reconstituted, these people still had access to the city and could bring in their wares to sell on Shabbat. Civil order and police had not been established to the point of preventing this. Jews living in Jerusalem had to consciously make the choice of whether to abstain from buying on Shabbat or not. As selling a product was considered to be a form of work, Second Temple Judaism largely regarded conducting in business to be a prohibited practice on the Sabbath. While work, business, trade, and industry could be practiced the previous six days of the week, and history bears the testimony of many able Jewish businesspersons and merchants, the command to separate and consecrate the Sabbath day likewise had to be observed.
What we do as the Messianic community today needs to be tempered by the fact that we are not to conduct in trade on the Sabbath. We need to try as best as humanly possible to make sure that during the previous six days we have purchased everything we need prior to Shabbat, that we do not have to do any grocery shopping, and all of our expenses are taken care of. Shabbat is not a time when we are permitted to go to the mall and shop of our own personal desires. Shabbat is a time where we are to focus on the Lord and consecrate it as a holy period.
One of the challenges, of course, is that in our society today, exceptions to the rule always find themselves into our lives—and these challenges are mostly not by choice. What if somebody gets sick on Shabbat? Are we permitted to go to the store or pharmacy to buy medicine? Those who adhere rigidly to not conducting in business would say “no.” But the Rabbis of Judaism would all say “yes.” If one is ill and needs care, then ritual commandments of Shabbat can be set aside to preserve life. This is the same reason why doctors in Israel today are allowed to work—and are not considered to be breaking the Sabbath. We are always going to find circumstances like somebody getting sick being forced upon us, which may cause us to buy and sell on the Sabbath. But buying medicine to help an ill person, is substantially different than going out and purchasing something “on sale.”
Perhaps the most common form of buying and selling which has worked its way into the Messianic movement, primarily because of how common it is in American Christianity after Sunday Church services, is going out to eat at a restaurant after Shabbat services.[20] Is it permitted for Messianic people who go to a Shabbat service to eat afterwards? If these Shabbat services are held late in the afternoon, and by the time they are over it is dark and no longer the Sabbath, then it is certainly permitted for Messianic people to engage in any kind of commerce they want to. But most Messianic congregations hold late morning/early afternoon services on Shabbat, just like many churches do on Sunday. Is it permitted for Messianic people to go to a restaurant to eat on the Sabbath? Perhaps a better alternative would be for Messianic congregations—which are often small and need cohesive community—to have a covered dish lunch for members of the congregation, where pre-prepared food can be heated up in which all can partake.
As with all of the Sabbath prohibitions we see in Scripture, how to apply the ordinance to abstain from buying and selling ultimately must be decided by you. You must use your own judgment and discernment when life circumstances are thrust upon you, which may require you to buy something on the Sabbath. Ultimately, the responsibility is on you, and is between you and the Lord.
Leading By Our Example
This concludes our analysis of the guidelines which the Bible itself offers regarding how God’s people should remember the Sabbath, and make it a special time between themselves and Him. As it should be emphasized, we have only scratched the surface regarding what we should and should not do on Shabbat. There have been many debates in ancient Judaism, and there are many debates today in Orthodox and Conservative Judaism, regarding how the Sabbath is to be properly kept. These debates doubtlessly have spilled over into much of the Messianic community. It is doubtful we will ever have a consensus of opinion relating to what we should be doing on Shabbat. Each congregation or fellowship of Messianic Believers is different, just like each one of us individually is different. Some will choose to follow a very strict, rigid interpretation of the Sabbath commandments, and others will choose to relatively ignore them. I personally believe we should strive for a safe position, where we do strive to truly honor the Sabbath instruction, but at the same time do so in a modern context which respects both ancient and modern Jewish opinion.
The major challenge which exists for the Messianic community in relation to Sabbath keeping, is going to be avoiding the fundamentalist trap of thinking that there is only one right way to keep the Sabbath, and that those who are not following this “one right way” are not keeping Shabbat at all. We cannot and should not spend our time arguing and debating why “we are right” and why “everyone else is wrong.” We should rather be encouraging one another through our obedience, and if an interpretation of a Sabbath commandment is truly correct, then a person should be convicted by the Holy Spirit that this is correct and he or she will adapt it. Force-feeding one’s personal halachah on someone, however, will only cause problems. There is a substantial amount of subjectivity relating to how the Sabbath is to be properly kept, as well as issues of privacy concerning how much a local congregation or fellowship should intrude itself into the affairs of an individual or family. We each have a responsibility to obey the Lord, which exceeds the responsibility we have toward each other.
You do not need to feel condemned if you do not keep the Sabbath the way other people do. Your opinions about Shabbat will change over time as you keep it more and more. Shabbat is to be a time of joy and delight—not a time of burdensome legalism. But even so, Shabbat is to be a special time when God’s people abstain from certain things. There are ethical and ideological decisions you have to make concerning the Sabbath day, and hopefully you have a strong relationship with God through Yeshua to help you make the right decision for yourself and your family, which will help the cohesion of the community of Believers at large. And, there are many theological issues which must be discussed as the Messianic movement continues to mature and examine Scripture in a more systematic manner. May we all make the right decisions, and be edifying to one another in everything that we do.
NOTES
[1] This article was originally written for the book Torah In the Balance, Volumes I&II (McKinney, TX: Messianic Apologetics, 2024).
[2] Jack P. Lewis, “yada,” in R. Laird Harris, Gleason L. Archer, Jr., and Bruce K. Waltke, eds., Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, 2 vols. (Chicago: Moody Press, 1980), 1:366.
[3] Francis Brown, S.R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs, Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), 628.
[4] Consult the thoughts summarized in “Anti-Semitism in the Two-House Movement” (appearing in Israel In Future Prophecy).
[5] Consult the article “You Want to be a Pharisee” (appearing in the Messianic Torah Helper), which more thoroughly explains this.
[6] The Greek word paradosis specifically pertains to “tradition, of teachings, commandments, narratives et al.,” and can refer to “the tradition of the rabbis” (Frederick William Danker, ed., et. al., A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third Edition [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000], 763).
[7] BDB, pp 715, 712.
[8] Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner, eds., The Hebrew & Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, 2 vols. (Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 2001), 1:586.
[9] Nahum M. Sarna, “Exodus,” in David L. Lieber, ed., Etz Hayim: Torah and Commentary (New York: Rabbinical Assembly, 2001), 446.
[10] HALOT, 1:629.
[11] BDB, 894.
[12] J.H. Hertz, ed., Pentateuch & Haftorahs (London: Soncino Press, 1960), 297.
[13] Of course, while the principle of one-day-in-seven was believed to be valid by many of these Protestant Reformers and theologians, they widely believed that the Messiah’s so-called “Sunday resurrection” validated the transfer of the Sabbath from the seventh day to the first day. The Reformers did not have access to the Jewish resources we have today, which continually show that the Apostles kept Shabbat. Nevertheless, God did great deeds through these men and women, and we would not be where we are today without them.
[14] R. Paul Stevens, The Other Six Days (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999), 110.
[15] HALOT, 2:1407.
[16] Nosson Scherman, ed., ArtScroll Chumash, Stone Edition (Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, Ltd., 2000), 517.
[17] Adam Clarke’s Commentary on the Bible. E-Sword 7.6.1. MS Windows 9x. Franklin, TN: Equipping Ministries Foundation, 2005.
[18] Jeffrey H. Tigay, “Deuteronomy,” in Etz Hayim, 1020.
[19] BDB, 343.
[20] Note that this article is not intended to discuss the application of the dietary laws in the modern world. There are some fundamentalist Messianic people who believe it is wrong to eat at a public restaurant which is not “approved kosher.” Our ministry position is much more moderate in that we certainly believe in the importance of the dietary laws and abstaining from pork, shellfish, blood, etc., but we do not consider eating at a public restaurant, including certain fast food, to be inherently wrong.
