Abbreviations and Special Terms
The following is a list of abbreviations for reference works and special terms which are used in publications and resources by Outreach Israel Ministries and Messianic Apologetics. Please familiarize yourself with them as the text may reference a Bible version, i.e., RSV for the Revised Standard Version, or a source such as TWOT for the Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, solely by its abbreviation. Detailed listings of these sources are provided in the Bibliography.
ABD: Anchor Bible Dictionary
AMG: Complete Word Study Dictionary: Old Testament, New Testament
ANE: Ancient Near East(ern)
Apostolic Scriptures/Writings: the New Testament
Ara: Aramaic
ASV: American Standard Version (1901)
ATS: ArtScroll Tanach (1996)
b. Babylonian Talmud (Talmud Bavli)
B.C.E.: Before Common Era or B.C.
BDAG: A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Bauer, Danker, Arndt, Gingrich)
BDB: Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon
C.E.: Common Era or A.D.
CGEDNT: Concise Greek-English Dictionary of New Testament Words (Barclay M. Newman)
CGL: Cambridge Greek Lexicon (2021)
CHALOT: Concise Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (Holladay)
CJB: Complete Jewish Bible (1998)
CJSB: Complete Jewish Study Bible (2016)
DRA: Douay-Rheims American Edition
DSS: Dead Sea Scrolls
EDB: Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
EJ: Encylopaedia Judaica
ESV: English Standard Version (2001)
Ger: German
GNT: Greek New Testament
Grk: Greek
HALOT: Hebrew & Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (Koehler and Baumgartner)
HCSB: Holman Christian Standard Bible (2004)
Heb: Hebrew
HNV: Hebrew Names Version of the World English Bible
IDB: Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible
IDBSup: Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible Supplement
ISBE: International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
IVPBBC: IVP Bible Background Commentary (Old & New Testament)
Jastrow: Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Bavli, Talmud Yerushalmi, and Midrashic Literature (Marcus Jastrow)
JBK: New Jerusalem Bible-Koren (2000)
JETS: Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
KJV: King James Version
Lattimore: The New Testament by Richmond Lattimore (1996)
LITV: Literal Translation of the Holy Bible by Jay P. Green (1986)
LES: Lexham English Septuagint (2019)
LS: An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon (Liddell-Scott)
LSJM: Greek-English Lexicon (Liddell-Scott-Jones-McKenzie)
LXE: Septuagint with Apocrypha by Sir L.C.L. Brenton (1851)
LXX: Septuagint
m. Mishnah
MARV: Messianic Apologetics Revised Version[1]
MT: Masoretic Text
NASB: New American Standard Bible (1977)
NASU: New American Standard Update (1995)
NBCR: New Bible Commentary: Revised
NEB: New English Bible (1970)
Nelson: Nelson’s Expository Dictionary of Old Testament Words
NETS: New English Translation of the Septuagint (2007)
NIB: New Interpreter’s Bible
NIDB: New International Dictionary of the Bible
NIV: New International Version (1984)
NJB: New Jerusalem Bible-Catholic (1985)
NJPS: Tanakh, A New Translation of the Holy Scriptures (1999)
NKJV: New King James Version (1982)
NRSV: New Revised Standard Version (1989)
NLT: New Living Translation (1996)
NT: New Testament
OT: Old Testament
REB: Revised English Bible (1989)
RSV: Revised Standard Version (1952)
t. Tosefta
Tanach (Tanakh): the Old Testament
Thayer: Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament
TDNT: Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
TLV: Messianic Jewish Family Bible—Tree of Life Version (2014)
TNIV: Today’s New International Version (2005)
TWOT: Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament
UBSHNT: United Bible Societies’ 1991 Hebrew New Testament revised edition
v(s). verse(s)
Vine: Vine’s Complete Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words
Vul: Latin Vulgate
YLT: Young’s Literal Translation (1862/1898)
WMB: World Messianic Bible (2020)
[1] This is a modified and adapted edition of the public domain World Messianic Bible (WMB).
